We have written of the Protestant hegemony that dominated America life and its institutions up to 1870. But the so-called “common faith” that supposedly blanketed all denominations and their particular characteristics was in reality a weak facade which hid an American Protestantism that was deeply fragmented as they faced the coming assault by the humanistic secularizers between 1870 and 1930. The Protestant church was divided by denominations, geography, race, ethnicity, organizational types and methods, and social class lines. As the Protestant church began to experience loss of social power, cultural authority, and institutional influence, these various differences became polarized around two competing visions of Christianity and resulted in a modernist-fundamentalist split in the late nineteenth century which reached its rancorous end by the late 1920s.[1] As it had been for two thousand years of church history, the central issue was the truth and authority of the Bible. Just as the forces of the anti-religious Enlightenment exploited the two hundred years of strife within the church following the Catholic-Protestant split that began in 1517, those same anti-religious forces dressed in the clothes of modern humanism and secularism also exploited the division between the liberals and fundamentalists between 1870 and 1930.

The Liberals

The nineteenth century American Protestant church continued to face an ongoing intellectual and cultural challenge of its faith and traditions by humanistic philosophies. These philosophies entered the church in the thirteen century and expanded dramatically throughout Western civilization during the era of Enlightenment in the late seventeenth century and all of the eighteenth century. Thus, the mindset of the Protestant leaders who became the modernists-liberals was decades if not centuries in the making and not of a knee-jerk response to rising humanism and secularism in the late nineteen century.

The two great challenges to biblical Christianity at the end of the nineteenth century were Darwinian evolution and higher biblical criticism which had been absorbed by thousands of American students studying at German universities during the nineteenth century. Higher criticism explained Christianity as a product of evolving religious customs and ideas. Scripture was not divine revelation but a contemporary understanding of God in an evolving human culture. If the Bible did not reflect the modern understanding of the current evolutionary state of culture, the critics deemed the scriptures as an unreliable source of truth and therefore full of errors.[2] The liberal-modernist response to these intellectual and cultural challenges of the late nineteenth century was one of “survival through accommodation.” Christian Smith described the liberal-modernist dilemma.

…liberal and modernist America Protestants were not in calm waters throwing traditional orthodoxy overboard for the fun of it. They were rather trying to lighten the boat’s load to see if they could somehow keep it afloat amid the skeptical, positivist, and Darwinian gale blowing westward from Europe…It was their confrontation with these forces that decisively shaped their options and choices. And it was their intermediary social positions—maintaining social positions within Protestantism while simultaneously forming intellectual and social alliances with secular modernism—that made them crucial players in the process of secularization.[3]

To retain a modicum of social power, cultural authority, and institutional influence in the wake of the onslaught of humanism and secularism, the late nineteenth century liberal Protestant leaders and their churches began embracing secular human sciences (psychology and sociology) to lend credibility and cultural relevance to their religious pretensions.

Out of the Reformation came the Protestant allegiance to salvation through one’s faith in God as opposed to the salvation obtained through the clergy, the church, and its extra-biblical requirements. In Chapter 9 it was noted that four major themes were evident in the development of the American evangelical church which continue to shape its characteristics, patterns, and contours to the present day. The first of these was the focus on an intense emotional conversion experience which went beyond the Lutheran and Calvinist interpretations of earlier centuries. In the nineteenth century there was an increasing emphasis on salvation through an individual’s personal surrender to God. But something happened during the nineteenth century to change what surrender meant. The meaning of surrender had changed from being saved for a future kingdom to being a therapeutic, liberating “…shedding of emotional burdens in service of the kingdom within.”[4] Put another way, the focus changed from an eternal relationship with God to the health and well-being of one’s self in this life.

This change was a key factor through which the liberal Protestant ministers and their churches aided and encouraged the secularization process during the six decades between 1870 and1930. It was during this period that liberals tossed the future kingdom out of their doctrinal boat and at the same time ceded the kingdom within to the secularizing forces and their newly emerging human science of psychology.

The roots of early American psychologists were found in Protestantism, but in the era of Darwinian science, those psychologists rejected the tenets of the Christian faith held by their fathers. Most of the early American psychologists were the sons of Protestant pastors or had begun their education in training for the ministry. Many of the peers of these early psychologists entered the ministry but had become fully committed to psychology and its prescriptions for the “kingdom within.” Psychology was seen as a way to make Christianity more “scientific.” In this process, religion was redefined through psychology, and as psychology became the cultural authority, it also became the standard for religious truth.[5] As discussed in the previous chapter, the liberal church fully embraced the “big lie” which is humanism’s concept of a dichotomy of truth—religious truth and all other truth which deals with secular matters. For liberal Protestants, biblical truth was no longer total truth by which is meant a unified and integrated claim about all reality.

The Social Gospel movement was the liberal church’s response to radical social leaders who sought secular sociologists’ solutions to the economic and social problems of the masses. The liberal leaders of the social gospel movement attempted to apply biblical teachings to the problems of society during massive nineteenth century industrialization and social changes as discussed in Chapter 11. In 1917, Charles Morrison, publisher of the Christian Century, wrote of the liberal understanding of how social conditions should be molded.

As a teacher of religion, my liberalism extends in other directions also…in the direction of where modern social theories are breaking up the crust of established custom and introduction of the principles of reconstruction which …are bound to give us a plan of living together far happier and more just than the social scheme to which long ages have grown accustomed.[6]

Just as the liberal Protestants had used psychology to redefine salvation as the therapeutic, liberating “…shedding of emotional burdens in service of the kingdom within,” the redefinition of salvation also required a broken society to be reformed. This reformation was measured by social progress in which grace flowed from God not to the individual but to a culture that embraces Christian values. Society’s progress would subsequently lead to a better environment and make possible the redemption of the individual. As a consequence of these beliefs by the Protestant branch of sociology, reformers set about to fix the broken environment through legislation and social action. However, the social gospel movement was doomed from its beginning because the liberal Protestant reformers had been thoroughly baptized in the non-biblical and erroneous humanistic view that man was inherently perfectible but remained a victim of his environment.[7] The Protestant liberals not only believed in the essential goodness of man, they also looked to government as the source for social progress to address the ills of society.

The second branch was populated by the academic sociologists who wanted exclusive control of the new science of sociology. They were hardened followers of the Enlightenment philosophies, avowedly hostile to religion, and worked ceaselessly to undermine religious faith.[8] Because liberal Protestant social gospel activists believed that the “science” of sociology was a crucial means of re-engineering society, they saw the academic sociologists as valuable allies in reforming society as long as they did not deny spiritual reality or interfere with the work of the Kingdom of God. The liberal Protestant leaders’ trust in the good faith of academic sociologists to cooperate and share in the efforts of reforming society did not arise out of their innocence or gullibility. Rather, their liberal brand of religion was not based on what was theologically true but what was practical, useful, and worked in inspiring human action and social harmony.[9] Although the liberal Protestant leaders wanted to place their “Christian” stamp on social progress, they were willing to forgo their label if reforms (however misguided and damaging in the long term) were achieved by the humanistic solutions of the academic sociologists. One writer described the development of the social gospel movement’s casual attitude regarding theological truth and their willingness to mix the secular with the religious in reforming society.

A fresh study of the teachings of Jesus and their application to the salvation of society produced an awakening of the Christian social conscience. The whole movement was caused by an interpenetration of religious and social thought in the mutual application of Christian principles to society and of social principles to Christianity.[10] [emphasis added]

But by the mid1920s, the social gospel movement was essentially defunct as a liberal means of reforming society.[11] Thereafter, the liberal church surrendered to the secular sociologists and contented itself with a marginal supporting role in the shadows of humanistic social reform. It would concentrate its efforts on its commitment to psychology and man’s kingdom within.

Perhaps the greatest champion of the liberal Protestant church’s incorporation of psychology was Charles Clayton Morrison. In 1898, Morrison graduated from Drake College, a Disciples of Christ college in Des Moines, Iowa. While at Drake, Morrison was heavily influenced by H. O. Breeden, another Disciples pastor that supported evolution and higher biblical criticism. After graduation, Morrison began pastoring a local church while doing graduate studies in philosophy and psychology at the University of Chicago. While at the university, he was heavily influenced by John Dewey and other professors who led him to accept evolution and higher biblical criticism. In 1908, Morrison purchased the Christian Century, a small bankrupt Chicago publication serving three hundred Disciples of Christ subscribers. Morrison soon transformed the local publication into a national “undenominational journal of religion.” While blending theology with psychology, the Christian Century became the most influential Protestant journal in America over the next thirty years.[12]

For Morrison and his liberal colleagues, theology was about God, sociology dealt with the outer life, and psychology dealt with the inner-self life. Therefore, psychologists were the experts for the inner-self life, not theologians. By the 1920s, psychology was fully accepted as a part of American life, and this acceptance was fully supported by the Christian Century to the extent that the journal had begun publishing articles about psychology without mention of religion. Consistent with the mantra of psychology, sin was redefined.[13]

…living under the influence of subconscious instincts, desires and habits when the time has come to pass under the higher rule of reason and conscience…” Jesus was referred to as “…a supreme psychologist, in that he sought to liberate and sublimate the native powers of man and use their energy for higher ends—forging passion into power, and the cunning of greed into the strategy of righteousness. If the old exhortations no longer appeal, it is because the time has come for understanding, for a wiser approach, for a more Christ-like insight and skill.[14]

By 1938, Morrison had been the editor of the Christian Century for thirty years. The journal had attained great cultural prominence but at the loss of much of its Christian character. Although indistinguishable from many of its secular peers, the journal was recognized as the preeminent voice of mainstream American Protestantism. One year later, Morrison stunned his colleagues when he wrote “How My Mind Has Changed.” In the article he described the secularizing consequences of the publication on American Protestantism in which he and his staff had “…introduced and popularized psychology with a language of instinct and personality, which displaced the Christian theological language of morality and grace.”[15]

I had baptized the whole Christian tradition in the waters of psychological empiricism (pragmatism), and was vaguely awakening to the fact that, after this procedure, what I had left was hardly more than a moralistic ghost of the distinctive Christian reality. It was as if the baptismal waters of the empirical stream had been mixed with some acid which ate away the historical significance, the objectivity and the particularity of the Christian revelation, and left me in complete subjectivity to work out my own salvation in terms of social service and an “integrated personality”…

There was a genuine satisfaction in the procedure of translating Christianity into terms of psychological experience. It generated an unction of its own. I was relieving people of a burden—the burden of having to believe the historical particularities of Christianity. I was engaged in “simplifying” religion, and surely this was a worthy service. That I was really oversimplifying it by leveling down its objective particularities to a psychological common denominator, did not for some time occur to me. But the cumulative effect of this procedure gradually began to register in my consciousness. I found that, having baptized the Christian verity (truth) in the water of psychological experience, something seemed to have been washed away from it—something that belonged to it as a part of my Christian “inheritance.” The tang of history had gone out of it. Its peculiarity had gone. Its objectivity as something given to me from beyond myself had been reduced to my own subjective processes.[16] [emphasis in original]

The liberal Protestant leaders and their churches who sought survival through accommodation of the spirit of the world brought poisonous compromise to the few remaining vestiges of their long-abandoned doctrines and faith and produced a profane and powerless church that had lost its saltiness and was “…no longer good for anything except to be thrown out and trodden under foot by men.” [Matthew 5:13b. RSV]

Larry G. Johnson

Sources:

[1] Christian Smith, “Introduction,” The Secular Revolution, ed. Christian Smith, (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2003), p. 66.
[2] Nancy Pearcey, Total Truth, (Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway, 2004, 2005), p. 426.
[3] Ibid., p. 67.
[4] Keith G. Meador, “My Own Salvation,” The Secular Revolution, ed. Christian Smith, (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2003), p. 272.
[5] Ibid, p. 282.
[6] Ibid., pp. 281-282.
[7] Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States,” (New York: Sentinel, 2004), pp.426, 444-445.
[8] Smith, “Secularizing American Higher Education,” The Secular Revolution, pp. 106-107.
[9] Ibid., pp. 109-112.
[10] Sherwood Eddy, The Kingdom of God and the American Dream, (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), p. 261.
[11] Smith, p. 29.
[12] Meador, pp. 273, 277-278.
[13] Ibid., pp. 280, 301.
[14] Ibid., p. 301.
[15] bid., p. 302.
[16] Ibid., pp. 269, 296-297.

The remarkable strength and vitality of the American church from its very beginning with the Pilgrims in 1620 until the mid-nineteenth century can be attributed to its success in resisting Satan’s two-fold attack that has plagued the church throughout its history since its birth 2000 years ago. The first attack comes from within through attempts to corrupt the doctrinal truths of the Bible and undermine unity within the body of Christ. The second attack arises from without through the assimilation and accommodation of worldliness in the church including the contra-biblical relationships between the church and state.

The humanistic spirit of the world became a cultural force that swept over the American Beulah Land during the last half of the nineteenth century. The enormous changes that occurred in the six decades between 1870 and 1930 profoundly transformed the way Americans thought and acted in all spheres of American life. By 1870 the nation had been guided for 250 years by a central cultural vision infused with the collective Judeo-Christian worldviews of the great majority of Americans since the Pilgrims undertook to establish a colony “…for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith…”[1] Protestant cultural authority was at its peak in 1870, but a brief sixty years later it had been relegated to the shadows within every institution of American life, despairing of approval and hoping only for an occasional hint of recognition from the new masters of American culture. The once prevailing Christian Protestant dominion had surrendered substantially all of its social power, institutional influence, and cultural authority and did so without much of a whimper. For the first time in American history a vast schism had developed between the religious and secular. How did this tragedy happen? Was it accidental or planned?

Who were the humanist secularizers and what was their agenda?

Christian Smith edited a book titled The Secular Revolution in which he and other authors describe the secularization of American public life. In the Preface of the book Smith identifies the instigators and their motives with regard to the enormous transfer of cultural power in America between 1870 and 1930.

…American public life was secularized by groups of rising scientific, academic, and literary intellectuals whose upward mobility—made possible by expanding industrial capitalism and an enlarging state—was obstructed by the Protestant establishment. Seeking to increase their own cultural authority and class autonomy—and to reinforce their own intellectual identities—these knowledge elites struggled to displace Protestantism’s authority and to advance themselves as new, alternative cultural authorities…What these secularizers were actually pursuing was not primarily a neutral public sphere, but a reconstructed moral order which would increase their own group status, autonomy, authority, and eventually income.[2] [emphasis added]

Smith divides these secularizing activists into two groups: intellectual elites who were members of the knowledge class (the scientific, academic, and literary intelligentsia of their day) and the romantic intellectuals comprised mostly of journalists, independent writers, and artists. The secularizing activists were found in many different groups and at different time periods during the six decades under discussion and were not all alike. Generally, they tended to be skeptical, free-thinking, antagonistic toward traditional authority and conventions, and sought the privatization or extinction of religion. But regardless of their individual motivations and priorities, they had all had drunk deeply from the well of the Enlightenment philosophies of humanism, materialism, positivism, and naturalism.[3]

What were the humanist secularizers assumptions and tactics?

A second question arises as to how these secularizing activists were so successful in wresting control of the culture from the Protestant establishments. Smith notes seven contributors to the secularization process.

• The source of all real knowledge is assumed to the product of science as defined by the aforementioned Enlightenment philosophies of humanism, materialism, positivism, and naturalism. Religion was no longer thought of as having a role in defining “true knowledge.” It had become irrelevant except for the supernatural, personal preferences, and values, all of which were outside of science and the production of new knowledge.

• Institutions of higher education began favoring “objective,” a-religious, and irreligious concepts of knowledge and marginalized religious concerns of morality and values.

• Mass primary and secondary education was transformed into a supposedly “neutral” arena which banished any discussion or practice of religious matters.

• The guardianship of public culture was removed from Protestant to secular hands as liberal political theory privatized religion and made it irrelevant to public deliberation.

• In the judicial sphere, secularists erected a strict wall of separation in which religion no longer had a voice in defining and guiding normal human relations as they involved the state.

• Secularists established a “naturalistic, psychologized model of human personhood” to give a new understanding of the human self and his care. The Protestant conception of man and his spiritual and moral health were banished as credentialed therapists and psychologists replaced the clergy in defining the nature of man.

• The centralization of corporately-owned print broadcast media caused a move away from religion-friendly reporting practices to a supposedly “objective” and “neutral” brand of journalism. As a consequence, religious and other perspectives oriented towards objective truth and biblical values were marginalized.[4]

Why were the humanist secularizers so successful in such a short period of time?

We have spoken of the Protestant domination of American life that had been achieved by the middle of the nineteenth century. Perhaps a more accurate description is the Protestant domination of American life by the evangelical populist churches, particularly the Methodists and Baptists which together had approximately fifty-five percent of all adherents to the Christian religion in the United States by 1850.[5] One may rightly ask how the secularist steamroller so easily and completely flattened 250 years of Protestant cultural supremacy in a relatively short span of sixty years between 1870 and 1930.

The American church following the end of the Civil War was at the height of its power and authority but was ignorant of and unprepared for the spirit of the world about to invade, overwhelm, and subdue it and the culture. The attack on the American church came from without in the form of various Enlightenment philosophies centered on humanism which rapidly captured the institutions of American life. Because the church did not recognize the spirit of the world in its generation, it was unprepared and failed to adequately defend the faith and American culture for which it was responsible.

The big lie: Duality of truth

The spirit of the world is a deceptive, lying spirit. When Satan attempts to deceive someone who is familiar with the truth, he chooses a more subtle attack in which a little truth is mixed with the lie to make it more palatable. Christian America of the 1870s revered the Bible and its truth and would not easily relinquish its beliefs in favor of an obvious lie. Satan chose to convince Christians that truth did not flow from a single authority but that there were two sources of truth—religious truth and all other (secular) truth newly revealed in an enlightened age of science and reason. In the secular segment were matters of the brain in which science and reason were located. These truths were considered to be public truth, objective by nature, and applied to everyone. The truths derived from science and human reason must be applied to the physical sciences, social sciences, politics, economics, and all other segments in the public life. The religious half of humanism’s dichotomy of truth was limited to matters of the heart in which its truths are oriented to the supernatural, are religiously based, and involve issues of value and personal morality. These include matters that are considered to be personal beliefs, non-rational, subjective, and have no basis in fact in the natural world and therefore privatized which is to say they have no voice in the affairs of the other spheres of American life.[6]

The church accommodates or ignores the big lie

Christianity’s declaration is and always has been that it is total truth—a unified and integrated claim about all reality. But in the early twentieth century, both liberal and conservative branches of the evangelical church embraced different elements of the concept of a dichotomous truth. On the one hand, liberal churches readily embraced the dichotomy of truth. The remaining conservative evangelical churches chose to ignore the big lie promoting a dichotomy of truth and isolated themselves from the culture at large.

Even though conservative evangelical churches ignored the big lie and withdrew from the culture at large, Nancy Pearcey convincingly presents a strong case that certain characteristics, trends, and patterns within the populist or conservative evangelical church existing from colonial times caused them to unconsciously accept certain elements of the humanistic heart/brain dichotomy of truth in which the religious realm is limited (and also trivialized) to matters of value and private preference.[7] As a consequence, the evangelical church has become powerless and lethargic because it does not recognize and understand the humanistic spirit of the world that continues to prevail in America since the 1870s. This has occurred because of a growing ignorance among evangelicals of Bible knowledge, the failure to challenge a hostile culture, and because of an accommodation of the spirit of the world within the churches.

One of the central purposes of this book is to expose the prevailing spirit of the world that has invaded the church. Only when the church understands the nature of the enemy and his attacks can it mount an adequate defense of the faith. This understanding will come only when the church recognizes the prevailing spirit of the world at work in the present generation. John warns against the world and what it has to offer, “Do not love the world or the things in the world. If any one loves the world, love for the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the pride of life, is not of the father but is of the world.” [1 John 2:15-16. RSV] Here we see the spirit of the world is centered on self, pride, power, human wisdom, fleshly desires, and anything else that stands against God, the Bible’s teachings, and His people.

In all of church history the spirit of the world has been its arch-nemesis whether the assaults came from within or without. Satan is the cunning master of deceit and temptation and continually refashions the spirit of the world so that it will appear as a new thing to be unconsciously accommodated and absorbed by the less vigilant of each generation. But, the spirit of the world remains unchanged beneath a shroud of lies and deceit. Whether absorbed by the church or an individual, it is similar to a narcotic that entices and thrills for a season but eventually enslaves and kills. Pearcey cut to the heart of the matter when she said that Christians are called to resist the spirit of the world but to do so we must first recognize the form it takes in our present day.[5] If the church is to survive and once again become a cultural force in America, the church body and its leadership as well as individual Christians must recognize and resist the spirit of the world in whatever form it takes in the church and in the culture at large.

Larry G. Johnson

Sources:

[1] Henry Steele Commager, ed., “Mayflower Compact,” Documents of American History, Vol. 1 to 1865, (New York: F. S. Crofts & Co., 1934), p. 15-16.
[2] Christian Smith, “Introduction,” The Secular Revolution, (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2003), p. 27.
[3] Ibid., pp. 1, 33-34.
[4] Ibid., p. 3.
[5] Nancy Pearcey, Total Truth, (Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway, 2004, 2005), p. 259.
[6] Ibid., pp. 20-21.
[7] Ibid., pp. 119, 255.
[8] Ibid., p. 118.

Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans, and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and he shall take it… For the children of Israel and the children of Judah have only done evil before me from their youth: for the children of Israel have only provoked me to anger with the work of their hands, saith the LORD. [Jeremiah 32:28, 30. KJV]

Industrialization and societal change

J. M. Roberts in his definitive The New History of the World described the large-scale industrialization of the Western world that began in the late eighteenth century and lasted through most of the nineteenth century. He wrote that the magnitude of societal change produced by industrialization was the “most striking in European history since the barbarian invasions”…and perhaps the “…biggest change in human history since the coming of agriculture, iron, or the wheel.” These events included great strides in agricultural production, increasing population, technological advances, replacement of human and animal labor with machines, increasing specialization, production in larger units, and centralization of the means of production.[1]

The magnitude and rapidity of societal change described by Roberts was massively unsettling. The social fabric of whole societies was stretched or torn as populations shifted from agrarian life to crowded cities, new schools developed and educational requirements changed, and new social classes emerged as property and wealth were reshuffled to reflect new economic realities. During much of the nineteenth century, dislocation and human suffering were enormous and devastating to whole generations who experienced life in bleak industrial cities, exploitation of labor (particularly that of children and women), and loss of centuries of order more specifically defined as a loss of place and purpose.

Throughout the last half of the nineteenth century, humanists’ claims of superior scientific knowledge and advancement spread seeds of doubt as to the truth and authority of God and His Word. Humanism offered answers different than those of Christianity to address the turmoil caused by rapid societal changes. The nineteenth century’s icons of the humanistic faith included Karl Marx and his The Communist Manifesto (1848) which promoted a godless communistic social order; Charles Darwin and his Origin of Species (1859) which presented the evolutionary origins of life devoid of a creator; Christopher Langdell, dean of Harvard Law School from 1870 to 1895 and Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. at the beginning of the twentieth century whose views elevated man’s law above God’s law; John Dewey and the progressive education movement which began in the 1890s and supported a humanistic philosophy of education in which man was not fallen but perfectible; and William James who divorced psychology and the study of human nature from the doctrines of the Bible in his Principles of Psychology (1890).

Although the Church reeled under enormous challenges, it did not quietly cede Western civilization to the flood waters of industrialization and false Enlightenment philosophies. From the earliest days of the industrial revolution, Christianity invaded the cities to not only save the soul but provide for earthly needs and address societal ills for the hurting masses. Compassion was the Christian innovation in all of history and an example of Christ’s concern for the hurting and sick. The new poverty of urban life in gritty industrial cities was perhaps no greater than that of the pastoral agrarian hovels of prior generations except for the loss of the soul. But the church’s efforts to recapture urbanized souls competed with the voices of the Enlightenment and its philosophy of humanism whose deceptive definitions of man and his purpose sought to poison his consciousness and relegate him to animal status with no soul and therefore no need of God.

But the answers given by the theories and theorists of humanism were far surpassed by Christian men and women whose lives were spent in unparalleled works of compassion. Nineteenth century icons of the Christian faith are too numerous to cite, but three will serve as examples of the church’s efforts. Lord Shaftsbury worked tirelessly for decades in Parliament to pass many bills that improved the lot of English children.[2] George Muller, a German who became a missionary to England in 1829, established his first orphanage for girls in 1836, and by the time of his death in 1898, eight thousand children in numerous orphanages under his direction were being educated and cared for.[3] The Salvation Army, founded in London in 1865 by William and Catherine Booth, provided worldwide relief for millions of the poor and destitute. Although General Booth died in 1912, his and his wife’s work continued and expanded into more than one hundred countries by the end of the twentieth century.[4] These are just few of the thousands within the church that immersed themselves in the grit and poverty of the nineteenth century to address vast societal changes which produced enormous human suffering and deprivation.

Trouble in Beulah Land

In America, the societal disruptions caused by industrialization were also beginning to be felt by the mid-nineteenth century but were somewhat lessened by the rapid westward expansion of the nation. However, the geographical and cultural divisions in America and the church caused by the Civil War increased the magnitude of societal disarray during the last half of the nineteen century and beyond. Restoration and unity of both the nation and church did not come easily, and it was decades before signs of healing would appear. The Northern and Southern churches continued to have different interpretations of the war and its outcome. Northerners viewed theirs as a righteous victory and themselves as guardians of the ideals embodied in the Constitution which were based on the same principles as found in Christianity.[5] Following the war main-stream Northern churches tended toward rectifying other ills of society through a growing involvement in matters of social justice but with a consequent loss of focus as it “…switched its emphasis from perfecting the inner man to social justice.”[6]

In the aftermath of the Civil War, the nation struggled with Reconstruction, a political system mired in patronage; rapid growth of large industries; an influx of large populations of foreign immigrants; migration from family farms to factories; and a host of other challenges to civil society. By the 1880s the intellectuals of the era birthed numerous reform movements. Many of the intellectuals came from mainstream Christian religions but virtually none from the Baptists, traditional Methodists, and others that held to a more fundamental understanding of the doctrines of Christianity. The mainstream Protestant reformers had generally absorbed the humanistic view that man was inherently perfectible but remained a victim of his environment. Therefore, these reformers set about to fix the broken environment through legislation and social action. With rare exceptions, the reformers came from families of wealth and privilege that had never experienced the poverty and hardships of life.[7] But the Protestant religious elite not only embraced a nonbiblical understanding of the nature of man, they also abandoned the poor to the responsibility and care of a secular state. The Protestant reformers looked to government as the solution as opposed to the church whose proper role was to minister to the poor (see: Matthew 25:35-40).

The larger social gospel movement arose from the early efforts of mainstream Protestant ministers to reform society through social justice. Having long abandoned the Bible’s claim of inerrancy in favor of higher criticism, they now saw it as merely a moral guidebook. And having dispensed with the importance of biblical doctrine, it was an easy step to have greater toleration and acceptance of the beliefs of other religions.[8] In the liberal churches, deeds had triumphed over doctrine which was contrary to the essence of the Reformation message.

Secularization of culture and decline of the church

In 1831 Alexis de Tocqueville toured America for nine months to determine the source of its exceptionalism. His conclusions published in Democracy in America pointed to the centrality of religion, and Christianity in particular, in America life of the early 1830s. He believed that the spirit of Christianity was so completely identified with freedom that to think of one without the other was impossible. He saw Christianity and freedom as being in joint reign over the nation, and he believed America to be the most enlightened and free nation in the world because the Christian religion had the greatest real power of the people’s souls. And by Christianity in America, Tocqueville meant the Protestant religion with which the great majority of Americans identified themselves.[9]

In 1870, Protestantism was still the dominant power in culture and controlled the most important social institutions and much of private life. The republic was seen by many as a “triumphalist Christian America” as the Christian moral order had been institutionalized in almost all spheres of society. But the ensuing decades after 1870 witnessed a substantial decline in the Protestant establishment’s social power, institutional influence, and cultural authority.[10]

Christian Smith attributes this decline to two dramatic transformations in American society. The first was the ascendance of the humanistic view of knowledge and science in which religion could have no voice in defining “true scientific knowledge.” The second transformation occurred as Christian higher education was supplanted by a secular mass public educational system whose philosophy of learning and inquiry was markedly different from the Christian worldview. These twin transformations led to the eventual displacement of the Protestant cultural ethic in the “…nation’s scientific establishment, universities and colleges, public schools, judicial system, and mass media.”[11]

In the legal field, the “science of law” developed supposedly predetermined abstract principles to replace a judge’s mostly Protestant sense of justice. By 1910, “legal realism” allowed judges to base their decisions on secularized standards of justice and on changing social conditions as well, both of which viewed Protestant morality as being irrelevant. Publishers were no longer as strongly concerned with the Protestant establishment’s cultural sensibilities, conventions, and worldview. Publishers gravitated toward opinions and views of a newly emergent group of elite, young, and dissident literary intellectuals. [12] These various secularizing movements eventually cast their spell on all of American popular culture. Discarding generations of wisdom and infatuated with supposedly new freedoms, popular culture bowed to the new gurus of cultural authority found in Hollywood, the arts, advertising, journalism, and the social sciences. Whatever vestiges of Protestant influence that remained by 1930 continued to be scrubbed from American public life in the decades to follow.

Larry G. Johnson

Sources:

[1] J. M. Roberts, The New History of the World, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 708-709.
[2] Alvin J. Schmidt, How Christianity Changed the World, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2004), pp. 142-143.
[3] Ibid., pp. 132-133.
[4] Helen K. Hosier, William and Catherin Booth, (Uhrichsville, Ohio: Barbour Publishing, Inc., 1999), pp. 3, 192, 201.
[5] Gardiner H. Shattuck, Jr., A Shield and Hiding Place – The Religious Life of the Civil War Armies, (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1987), pp. 129-130.
[6] Larry G. Johnson, Ye shall be as gods – Humanism and Christianity – The Battle for Supremacy in the American Cultural Vision, (Owasso, Oklahoma: Anvil House Publishers, 2011), p. 244.
[7] “Introduction: Rethinking the Secularization of American Public Life,” The Secular RevolutionLarry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States, (New York: Sentinel, 2004), pp.426, 444-445.
[8] Ibid., pp. 497-498.
[9] Alexis De, Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Gerald E. Bevan, Trans., (London, England: Penguin Books, 2003), pp. 340, 343, 345.
[10] Christian Smith, “Introduction: Rethinking the Secularization of American Public Life,” The Secular Revolution, (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2003), p. 27.
[11] Ibid., pp. 27-28.
[12]Ibid.

America the exceptional

John Quincy Adams expressed the sentiments of many of the Founders when he wrote of the importance of the Bible and Christianity in the nation’s founding.

The highest glory of the American Revolution was this; it connected in one indissoluble bond the principles of civil government with the principles of Christianity…From the day of the Declaration…they (the American people), were bound by the laws of God, which they all, and by the laws of their Gospel, which they nearly all, acknowledge as the rules of conduct.[1]

The remarkable strength and vitality of the American church from its very beginning with the Pilgrims in 1620 until the mid-nineteenth century can be attributed to the American church’s success in countering Satan’s twofold attack as previously described. The European reformers had begun the reformation process. The American church’s continued devotion to the Bible as the final authority of truth greatly influenced the formation of the political structure of the United States. As a result, America became most successful nation in the history of the world, and soon after its founding, many nations recognized the exceptional nature of the American Republic.

A Frenchman named Alexis de Tocqueville traveled to the United States in 1831 to find out the reasons for America’s success. For nine months he traveled throughout the nation to observe all facets of life in America and wrote of his findings in Democracy in America.

On my arrival in the United States, it was the religious atmosphere which first struck me. As I extended my stay, I could observe the political consequences which flowed from this novel situation. In France I had seen the spirit of religion moving in the opposite direction to that of the spirit of freedom. In America I found them intimately linked together in joint reign over the same land.

…America is still the country in the world where the Christian religion has retained the greatest real power over people’s souls and nothing shows better how useful and natural religion is to man, since the country where it exerts the greatest sway is also the most enlightened and free.[2]

Tocqueville’s first-hand account provided ample evidence that America’s exceptionalism was the result of the centrality of religion and especially Christianity in American life during the nation’s founding and first fifty years of its history.

How does one judge whether or not a nation is exceptional? Generally, a nation may be judged as exceptional when it is stable, prosperous, and free. Those marks of an exceptional nation are produced when a specific set of ideas and philosophies produce institutions and policies that are conducive to those qualities of stability, prosperity, and freedom. The critical element standing between a nation’s institutions and policies and the qualities a nation exhibits are the ideas and philosophies upon which the nation is guided. The ideas and philosophies that guided America were based on the Bible and Christianity and produced a nation that was the envy of the world.

Before we proceed, it is necessary to repeat an earlier caution. Although the scriptures are the wellspring of all truth, the church must not discard the wisdom and experience of generations of our Christian forefathers nor reject the church’s rich history and knowledge gained over the centuries which are invaluable to a right understanding of scriptures. The successes and failures of the church through the centuries serve to illuminate, explain, and confirm the Bible’s teachings.

As has been shown in previous chapters, Satan’s primary attack on the church centers on undermining the truth and authority of God’s Word and occurs both within and without the church.

The church is attacked from within – doctrinal errors and heresies

The church’s first challenge came almost immediately following its birth and came through challenges to the truth of biblical doctrines (dogma, creed, beliefs, principles, teachings).
Over the entire course of church history, various doctrinal errors and heresies sought to discredit, corrupt, or deny the inerrant Word of God. Over the centuries the church eventually elevated man’s reason to be equal or superior to the authority of the Bible in many areas which led to sin and corruption. The Reformation promised sola scriptura—the Bible alone. But the doctrinal embellishments and practices of the pre-Reformation church clung tenaciously to the reformed churches in Europe. The American colonists were eager to cast off these man-made hindrances and looked to the scriptures alone as to their authority in building “a pure and stainless church” undefiled and unencumbered by centuries of man’s wisdom and corruptions of doctrinal purity. As a result, church authority built on man’s reasoning and opinions no longer dictated church practices and defined doctrine apart from the scriptures.

The church is corrupted from without – mixing of church and state

Beginning in the fourth century, the church abandoned its proper scriptural role in society and relationship with governments and rulers which allowed the church to wield the sword of the state and the state to meddle in church affairs. This mixing of church and state lasted for more than a thousand years and was not entirely cast off by the Protestant reformers.

The most distinguishing feature of the Reformation Lutheran church was the power given to the state. Luther supported the principle that the state should be above the church. However, Calvinists took the opposite view and denied that the state had any power over the church. Calvin believed the church had power over the state. Both responses were nonbiblical as to God’s design of the roles of church and state in society and the relationship between them. The church must let the state bear the sword of state but at the same time admonish the state when it overreaches its proper biblical position and role in society.[3]

Because the first settlements of New England were small, isolated, and highly motivated by their desire for religious freedom, of necessity they tended toward governance through theocracy. At the beginning of the 1700s, those colonies founded upon religious purposes continued as theocracies but in a less stringent manner. The Great Awakening and the subsequent multiplication of new sects and denominations continued to lessen the influence of church-dominated civil governments which had substantially disappeared by end of the Revolutionary War or soon thereafter. With the ratification of the Constitution, a new relationship between church and state was established and was closer to the biblical model than had ever occurred in the history of the church.

The church is corrupted from without – the humanistic spirit of the world

The church had also been attacked from without as it absorbed many of the tenets of humanism. But, the colonists’ adherence to scripture alone as their source of authority stood as a bulwark against humanistic doctrines and influences. In spite of the American church’s resistance for over two hundred years, humanism became its greatest challenge during the latter half of nineteenth century and continues as such to the present.

To understand the devastating effects of humanism on Christianity and the nation, a brief examination of humanism’s meaning, origins, and history is necessary. This examination is important as it will give a better understanding of the forces of humanism at work in the modern church as well which will be discussed in later chapters. Because humanism has been such a central force in causing the decline of the church, some comments from prior articles bear repeating.

The humanistic spirit is of Satanic origin and has been present within human society since Adam and Eve were driven from the Garden. It is the spirit of rebellion of man against God. The ancient Greeks made it a philosophy, and eventually humanism banished God altogether and placed man at the center of all things.

The Renaissance (generally dated as being the 1300s through the 1500s) was considered a rebirth or revival of learning and a time of transition between the Middle Ages and modern times. Beginning in Italy, it marked the humanistic revival of the classical influence of Greece and Rome that led to the flowering of the arts, literature, and modern science.[4] The Renaissance and post-Renaissance cultures were profoundly affected by the writings of the Greek and Roman philosophers and thinkers who lived many centuries earlier. But along with the advancement of mankind, the humanistic emphasis fundamentally changed the way man thought of himself. He had become the center and focus of life in contrast to the biblical revelation of man’s position and relationship with God.[5]

Elements of this redefinition of man invaded the church as early as the thirteenth century through the thoughts and writings of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), an outstanding Catholic theologian whose influence still dominates many within the Catholic Church.
Aquinas believed that man revolted against God and was fallen but not completely. He believed the will was fallen but the intellect was not. Therefore, in addition to the Bible, men could rely on human wisdom as well as the teachings of non-Christian philosophers. As a result philosophy was separated from the Bible and freed man to act autonomously.[6]

Aquinas revered the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Through Aquinas’ efforts, elements of Aristotle’s non-Christian philosophy began to be accepted by the church as a source of authority alongside the Bible. In searching for answers to the questions about life, Aristotle emphasized the meaning of individual things (the particulars) as opposed to biblical absolutes and ideals. Because Aquinas’s unfallen human reason was now autonomous and equal to revelation, many of the pronouncements of the church were based on pagan Greek and Roman philosophies, and eventually these became more important than many teachings of the Bible. But man’s fall was complete including his reason. Therefore, if one begins with man’s intellect to determine truth about the particulars (things, actions, e.g., a person’s individual acts) instead of the absolutes found in the Bible, there are no fixed standards for determining values, morals, and laws. In other words, there is no basis for distinguishing between right and wrong.[7]

Humanism’s entry into the church in the thirteenth century led to an increasing distortion of biblical teaching. When the authority of the church became superior to the teaching of the Bible, fallen man was told he was able through his own reasoning to return to right relationship with God by “meriting the merit of Christ.”[8] In time this focus on understanding the meaning of the particulars without benefit of God’s revelation dominated all spheres of life.[9]

Renaissance humanism continued to strengthen and cries for a complete separation of man’s reason from God’s revelation prepared the way for the rise of modern humanism during the Enlightenment in which man declared himself to be a totally independent being and denied God’s existence.[10] France was humanism’s epicenter, but all of Western Europe was affected. The era of Enlightenment is generally considered to have lasted from the late 1600s through all of the 1700s. Although a relatively short period, the Enlightenment has had monumental destructive consequences for the church that continue to the present day. The Enlightenment produced a strong intellectual confidence in the power of human reason which was reflected in its doctrines of progress, rationality, secularism, and political reform.[11]

This witch’s brew distilled from the swirl of the intellectual ferment and political turmoil of the Enlightenment era produced the philosophy of modern humanism in which all authority must be continually questioned, moral values do not arise from fixed ideas of right and wrong, and man is declared not fallen but perfectible and continually progresses through the accumulation of knowledge from scientific advances and human reason.

In 1949, Dr. Corliss Lamont wrote The Philosophy of Humanism in which he defined the humanistic philosophy by listing a number of propositions that gave humanism’s explanation of the universe, man’s nature, and treatment of human problems. The following are some of Dr. Lamont’s key tenets: All forms of the supernatural do not exist. Nature is the totality of being. Man is the evolutionary product of Nature. There is no conscious survival after death. Through reason and the scientific method, man can solve his own problems. Human values are derived from man’s earthy experiences and relationships and therefore are not absolute or universal. Happiness, freedom, and progress in this world are the highest goals of all mankind.[12]

It was the humanism of the French philosophers’ that built the framework for the disaster known as the French Revolution. Shouts of “Liberty! Equality! Fraternity!” became the reality of “monarchy, anarchy, dictatorship” all within the space of a little over a decade. However, it was the ideas and philosophies derived from the Bible and Christianity that guided the American Founders, led to the Constitution, and produced the greatest nation in the history of the world. Historian Paul Johnson wrote of the core difference between the two revolutions.

The essential difference between the two revolutions is that the American Revolution, in its origins, was a religious event, whereas the French Revolution was an anti-religious event. That fact was to shape the American Revolution from start to finish and determine the nature of the independent state it brought into being.[13]

Consequences for the nation if the pillars of Christianity are overthrown

John Jay co-authored the Federalist Papers and was the first Chief-Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He described the consequences to America should it ever allow the overthrow of the pillars of Christianity upon which the nation was founded.

To the kindly influence of Christianity we owe that degree of civil freedom, and political and social happiness, which mankind now enjoys…Whenever the pillars of Christianity shall be overthrown, our present republican forms of government—and all blessings which flow from them—must fall with them.[14]

Over two hundred years later Jay’s caution appears to have been prophetic for the forces of humanism and secularism have chipped away at the pillars of Christianity for the last 150 years to such an extent that our civil freedoms and republican forms of government are near collapse in twenty-first century America.

Larry G. Johnson

Sources:

[1] Tocqueville, Alexis de, Democracy in America, Gerald E. Bevan, Trans., (London, England: Penguin Books, 2003), pp. 340, 343, 345.
[2] William J. Federer, America’s God and Country, (Coppell, Texas: Fame Publishing, Inc., 1996), p. 18.
[3] B. K. Kuiper, The Church in History, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1951, 1964), p. 184, 200.
[4] “renaissance,” Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, (Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company, Publishers, 1963), p. 725.
[5] Francis A. Schaffer, How Should We Then Live? (Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway, 1976), pp. 40, 51.
[6] Ibid., pp. 51-52.
[7] Ibid., pp. 52, 55.
[8] Ibid., p. 56.
[9] Ibid., pp. 60, 71.
[10]] Nancy Pearcey, Total Truth, (Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway, 2004, 2005), p. 101.
[11] Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order, (Washington, D. C.: Regnery-Gateway, 1991), pp. 348-349.
[12] Corliss Lamont, The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition, (Amherst, New York: Humanist Press, 1997), pp. 13-14.
[13] Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), pp. 116-117.